Jacket X Corporation Security Policy - 1186 Words

JACKET-X-CORPORATION SECURITY POLICY RECOMENDATIONS A typical vulnerability and threat analysis begins with defining and classifying the network and system resources, assigning a relative level of importance to the resources, identifying the potential threats to each resource, developing a strategy to deal with the most serious potential problems first and defining the terms to mitigate attacks against the systems. â€Å"Effective vulnerability assessment starts with analyzing internal weaknesses for business processes†, therefore the first critical area of this assessment on the Jacket X Corporation is the need for a complete analysis of the payroll irregularities. (University of Maryland University College, n.d.) Internal Vulnerability:†¦show more content†¦In relation to independent contractor payroll entries, Jacket X‘s current system allows payroll specialists to alter payroll details in the validation phase which does create a vulnerability by allowing the validating authority to edit the payroll entries of independent contractors. The best way to correct this vulnerability is to remove editing privileges from the validating authority. The in-house payroll validation process currently in place at Jacket X is secure in that it separates duties and access privileges in a clear manner. (University Of Maryland University College, n.d.) With the implementation of the aforementioned recommendations, the vulnerabilities will be fixed, thus creating a more secure network for Jacket X Corporation. Probably the greatest payroll vulnerability identified is the recording and reporting of payroll activity. As of now the companies system allows for system specialists and administrators to have access to management metrics which they should not be able to view. As well as, and when the reports are imbedded into the Excel files for electronic distribution, they can be viewed and the data could end up in the wrong hands. It is good that in the current process, Jacket X does require document password protection which does help the Excel based vulnerability. Jacket X needs to scrub the various accesses of information by the personnel whom do not require access to the payroll system in order to carry out their

Bill Gates The Richest Man - 1341 Words

William â€Å"Bill† Gates is a philanthropist, businessman, software developer, and most notably an entrepreneur who founded one of the largest company in the world; Microsoft and subsequently became the richest man in the world. Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955, in Seattle, Washington and was born into a Christian family. At a young age Bill Gates showed keen interest and talent in the computer world, and later pursued it as his career in his life. From his skills, he and partner Paul Allen built one of the world s largest company and one of Forbes Fortune 500 Company. He was the C.E.O of Microsoft for many years until he decided to step down as chairman. In the process, Bill Gates became the richest man in the world with a net worth†¦show more content†¦It gets is funding from primarily donations and grants. Bill Gates supports and believes in better education, thus, donating $373 million dollars to this sector. The money is then used to fund and build diffe rent schools in different areas, promoting better education. Bill wants to decrease poverty rates by increasing the number of university graduates. In order to achieve this, they support the idea of lowering or changing the current financial plan for students. These newly educated students can go on and change this world for the better and even help create and do God’s work, here on Earth. Bill and Melinda gates also aim to support the cure for many deadly diseases. They have donated billions of dollars to help those who suffer from AIDS/HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria. Through the funding, they had saved countless of children’s lives from illness. They fund programs in which they develop vaccines, drugs and new diagnostic technology. Children morality rates from curable diseases had dropped significantly. From Gate’s funding, measles morality rates had dropped ninety percent since the year 2000. In recent years, they focused on eradicating polio, raising $86 mil lion for polio vaccine. Bill Gates also announced end and to fund against abortion in the U.S, rather donate to raise awareness about the matter. We see in the bible that Jesus helps many people and exhibits miraculous things. Bill Gates reveals

Practice and Meaning Intersect Disability Support - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Practice and Meaning Intersect Disability Support. Answer: Introduction Possability is a non- profitable organization in the Tasmania region of Australia. They are responsible for providing support to the disabled people with a community setting along with their families. They have a wide range of services that vary from adult and children respite, supporting them with accommodation, providing semi- independent living to community support, specialist support services and leisure and recreation. Their services are spread out throughout the region of Tasmania but not all the services. Possability aims to provide their services to people of all ages, genders, and all levels of support to people with people disability (possability, 2017). A disability is a physical or mental damage which has a considerable and long term terrible effect which can last up to 1 year or more than that. Such disability can hamper the individuals ability to do their routine activities on a regular basis. The regular activities can include mobility, perceiving the risk of physical danger, working with the hands, ability to pay attention or understand something, physical coordination, hurting of speech, eyesight or hearing, continence and capability to move, carry or lift any normal everyday objects. Possability excels in providing support to such needy people. They work with people who have any kind of disability, impairment or long- term damage (www.nds.org.au, 2017). The staff of the Possability organization in Tasmania is required to make reasonable adjustments. These adjustments can include physical attributes of premises or arrangements to employ the people with disabilities. The factors that are taken into consideration for indicating the reasonable adjustments are as follows- The disabled persons opinion on what he needs; how much effectiveness will the adjustment carry in preventing the disadvantage; how the adjustment can be put into practice; the extent of any disturbance in the activities; the impact on the other staffs; its sustainability; the finance and the other prices that are used by the employer. The staff of the Possability organization must not be adept in issues related to disabilities. They believe in three elements which are essential for effectively managing the disabled people. The three elements are- an open- minded problem-solving approach which will help in making adjustments; a positive and welcoming attitude towards the disabled people; voluntarily seeking advice. The reasonable adjustments can be done in the premises; by acquiring or modifying the equipment; by providing with a support worker; permitting the person with disabilities to remain absent from work if attending any treatment; altering his shift time accordingly; and adju sting his work according to his convenience (Whitburn, Moss and OMara 2017). Critical analysis of the environment The external environment of Possability in Tasmania involves a variety of factors which directly or indirectly can have an impact on the behavior and performance of the organization. The action and impact of these factors can change the business climate and their existence act upon the competitors. The prime variables where concerned, are analyzed that can affect the organization by offering strategic diagnosis and information on those strategic situations which can be offered by the internal analysis. The analysis can sense the opportunities and threats for the organization and the potential success coming out of it. The internal and external environment when analyzed critically can be determined by the strategic directions for action. Industry definition- they operate in the whole area of Tasmania with most of their services but not all. Their services include accommodation, respite, community connections, leisure and recreation, personal support and life skills, specialist services, coordination of supports and child and youth services. Their efficient staffs help in developing skills and confidence among the disabled people. They are also responsible for operating a center- based respite which is a short- term accommodation far from home that let the individuals indulge in fun activities and support. The caretakers and the families of the disabled people also get time for a break and remain assured that their family members are being taken care of in a safe and secured place. The short- term accommodation are designed in such a way that the individuals can feel at home and comfortable. Their boundaries lie in longer stays which can be negotiated in specific circumstances for instance, if the family goes for a va cation or the caretaker falls ill. Their customers vary in ages and gender and all kinds of support from high to low level are provided to them. Their business model involves a non- profitable organization that has an experience of 25 years in the field of disability services. They have extended their services across the states in 2015. Their plan includes working for the children who do not get proper treatment from their foster families. They excel in offering a nurturing and secured environment along with a special support to meet with the specific needs. Their sponsors include Department of Health and Human Services, National Disability Insurance Scheme, National Disability Services and Uniting Church in Australia. General Environment Analysis- children suffering from physical or mental disabilities often experience environmental constraints which become a barrier in their daily activities. There are certain environmental situations which prove to be a kind of substantial challenge for the children. Focus group and individual interviews have found out the environmental factors which affected the life of the disabled individual. Social and institutional barriers were considered as the most important environmental barriers. Although there are many physical factors too but the attitudes and deficiency in knowledge prevented in changing the behavior. The parents longing for more control and increasing use to include for change attitudes need to be more flexible, also establishment of disability issues are a thoughtful apprehension about the common view of familiarity. For people with disabilities, there are more frequent barriers than with the normal people. These barriers are not just physical barriers but something more than that. There are factors in the environment of a person that limit their functioning and cause disability in presence or absence. The aspects included in it are- an inaccessible physical environment; deficiency of relevant and assistive technology; peoples negative attitude towards disability; certain services, policies and systems which are either absent or prevent the involvement of individuals with irregular health conditions in all the areas of life. Then there are several other barriers which are extremely difficult and make it impossible for the disabled person to function in their own way. The seven most common barriers that are faced by the disabled people are- Attitudinal, communication, physical, social, programmatic, policy and transportation. Industry analysis- the health industry in Australia is the third largest industry and therefore one of the major employers in the region. Disability support and services is one of the parts in the health industry. Most of the people are aware of disabled people and assured that they would recognize them as disability either because the disability is open to all or the other people know about the fact called disability. The technological meaning of the term disability is not so easy to define. A person with disability lags behind in competing or performing with others. The environment and the surrounding of the person greatly influence the extent and the experience of disability. The treatment and diagnosis of a disability should be easy and effective. The most effective way to prevent disabilities and its further transmission is to start diagnosing and treating at an early stage. Porters five forces framework is used for the strategic analysis of Possability in Tasmania. This industry analysis not only looks into the direct competitors of the company but also at the numerous aspects of the competitive structure of the industry and their economic environment which involves the bargaining capacity of the suppliers, buyers, the risk of new entry, and the danger of substitute services in the market. The aim is to look at all these factors and find out the extent to which they are increasing the competition (Crates and Spicer 2016). Strong forces increase the competition while weak forces decrease the competition. Disability might arise due to interaction of the health conditions, personal factors and environmental factors which must vary from each other. It has been observed that the individuals with disabilities or the disabled persons are diverse and heterogeneous. Disability centers on a child if born with a congenital issue for instance, cerebral palsy or a middle- aged woman. According to a public health approach, there are certain distinguishing factors such as primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention. The development of a strong support system for the disabled people will lead to a better scope and opportunities. With the implementation of a proper support system, the disabled people will be able to contribute minimum to the diversity, variety and vitality of the communities. The services attached with the disabled people will make their life improved and better. Numerous jobs and other work filled with individuals of the same category and good wish make the disabled individuals feel comfortable similar to staying at home. Competitor analysis- It is said that the biggest turn over in the disability sector of Tasmania is the emerging competition. The NDIS or the National Disability Insurance Scheme is now spread all over the country. It is believed that they should make some arrangements to continue struggling and make attractive offers to keep up their business. This will lead to a rise in the expense of the marketing and advertising. In Tasmania and other states, the roll out will take place between the children of age 12- 14 who are eligible first time for the NDIS. The disability service providers have agreed to the fact that the roll out of the NDIS will give rise to stiff competition. But marketing, billboards, TV and online campaigns are somewhat under consideration now. Under the control of the NDIS, their original funding model for the disability services is being reshaped. When the disability and the charity companies start to compete with each other, to serve the disabled people with disabilities, there are several anticipating fusions and attainments (Banks 2016). For this reason, the Tasmanian disability support providers are deciding on marketing, billboards, TV and online advertising and media consulting. According to most of the people the change to full NDIS will be smooth compared to the previous operational activities. As the state had been under a trial for four years therefore the local service providers will get time to prepare. The organization, Possability in Tasmania has tied up with a number of groups that have helped in finding resources in order to achieve their objectives. Their collaboration with the local community is another major step in within their enterprise for growth and development in the future and creating a long term and sustainable benefits. Opportunities and threats- there are councils who have reported that in the coming years the amount of possible pressures is going to increase. The possibilities are- the cost incurred in implementing the Care Act; high risk that can affect the Independent Living Fund and create an impact on the funds for young disabled adults. The cost that will be implemented on the new guidance for the sustenance of the care market and offering the required price for care. The threats that is associated with managing demand with a possible increase in people who will be replaced in the disability services. There are still increasing pressure from the hospitals to meet the needs of a larger amount of people within a short time limit. Then there is lack of district nurses which leads to more challenges in disability services (Pirkis et al. 2014). The threats continued with the learning disability budgets due to the increase in more number of young adults shifting from the childrens services who was in need for critical care. At the same time, there is an ageing population who require change in care. But still there are opportunities where the approaches need to be developed for managing demand which will lead to decrease in costs for the adult social care. These are the opportunities which are still lagging behind the contemporary increasing pressure faced by the industry. If there is a continued stress on the significance of preventive intervention then all the areas will be pursued with a strong management culture. Personal budgets will tend to offer better opportunity to decrease costs and they should be observed in other way. Internal analysis Resources- the Possability Disability Services is responsible for operating in a context that is characterized by innovation and change. In the crucial time of significant change and reformation, the organization has set up an agenda of strategic plan for action. The agenda provides direction for improving and developing the condition of the disabled people by their participation in the social, economic and cultural life. The Possability services in Tasmania aims to make a fully inclusive and participatory society where the disabled people will be valued and respected as other members of the society and this will be possible by making use of the available resources. These can be made possible when the disabled people will be able to pursue their individual goals without being discriminated. They will have to be felt embraced and respected which will make them welcome and accessible to the society. The disabled people will be involved in shaping the policy, legislation and program inv olvement. The strategic plan will be implemented through developing an operational plan and by working together with the community sector, service providers, the disabled people and their families (Whitburn, Moss and OMara 2017). The resources for the disabled people include permanent and temporary limitations with the chronic illness or health conditions. There are limitations but those are not just limited to mobility, seeing, hearing and learning. Also, there are health conditions which are not just restricted to epilepsy, depression, celiac, diabetes or concussion. The resources for the people with disabilities include newly designed program to help in smooth transition. A series of workshops will let the people provide with the required information and they will be a part of it. These resources will help them to be a part of the community and they will be happy and satisfied. Capabilities- the structure of the Possability Tasmania include defining the skills, knowledge and capabilities required by the prime job roles in the disability sector. There is a requirement of the visual and interactive tool that helps in the progress of the disability services. There are consistent and clear framework which takes care of the management strategies, career opportunities and a set of defined skills, knowledge and capabilities. The resources will make the individuals who are working in this sector capable enough to perform better and will be beneficial for those who are looking forward to join this sector. Understanding of disability comes with various challenges which needs to be worked on and overcome. These include a number of resources, lack of reliable and relevant data and knowledge, defaming and lack of visibility in persons with disability and the policies were seemed to be ineffective when they were based on separate structures for the concerned persons. The existing and the original data on the disability services are very meager and there is scarcity of comparison between two countries. There are several challenges which cannot be avoided when a discussion on disability is going on. By using the capabilities approach the issues related to disability can be looked into which will help in responding to the various upcoming challenges, whether assessment of the disabled persons or defining the national policies. There lies an evident opportunity to mainstream people with disabilities and to include them in the approach will affect the living conditions of the disabled people in a great way (Pirkis et al. 2014). Core competencies- Possability in Tasmania excels in helping people with significant and permanent disability and are in constant need for assistance with their regular activities. These are the people with intellectual, cognitive, neurological and sensory disability or any kind of physical damage. They aim to provide better choice and control to deliver a life-long and individual funding approach for supporting. The individuals who are seeking support from the organization are set according to the criteria. Those individuals who are deemed eligible take part in their own planning process for determining the essential and reasonable supports required to achieve the goals. The individuals will also receive a pack of funding to procure the supports as mentioned in the plan. These are the core competencies which have given a competitive advantage to Possability Tasmania over other disability services. The participants will be given the option to keep their present support arrangements even if they shift or change but they need to be consistent with the organization Possability. At the end of the strategic plan, it will be seen that around 1000 people within the age of 15 to 25 years will receive the approved plan. The resources and the capabilities of the Possability Disability Services will be a live document that will be updated on a regular basis and will be made available for the stakeholders too. The data that were presented and the actions implemented have strong relevance to the time when it was developed. But these require amendment to pay heed to the change in workforce that is taking place over time. Business Model- Possability Tasmania is a leading Disability service provider who offers a full range of services to enable the people reach their potential (Jordan and Tseris 2017). The organization assists people with disability so that they can live an independent life, full of confidence, choose their action and achieve their goals. The services of Possability include accommodation, coordination of supports, community connections, respite, recreation, leisure and many more. They also offer special services to the individual such as consultant psychiatrist clinics and other intensive support. Their business model includes services that support in developing skills to help the individuals reach their goals. Their service quality accredited programs are based on research and the best practices. They can get access to a special team of expert and consultants. Attention on the social inclusion and active participation within the community will lead to a beneficial life for the disable d individuals. Their flexible and receptive service delivery measured to meet the specific needs is another criterion of Possability which keep them ahead in the run of competition in the disability sector. They are open five days a week except Saturday and Sunday. They excel in delivering services associated with community living and special needs. They also offer attendant care, rehabilitation, residential support and respite care. The features included in their services are appointment, certified, delivery, registered and TAC. They mainly deal with issues such as intellectual disabilities. Their target group includes adults of all ages, children, male, female and youth. The essential services include supported accommodation, intensive support services, and disability care in Tasmania, life skills, disability services, community access, respite care, personal support and respite (Fitzgerald et al. 2015). Value proposition- in order to meet the aspirations of the person with disabilities it becomes essential to take a look at the current situation with respect to the excluded populations and then implementing the plan of building on the same. It is expected to improve the effectiveness of the development program which will lead to the inclusion of growth and then ensure equal participation as well as sharing of benefit by disadvantaged social groups. It is seen that the disadvantaged and the disabled men and women have limited livelihood options and that is why Possability is working towards making their life better and fruitful. Previous records have shown that disabled people living in poverty always face more disadvantages and are prone to become poorer. At the same time, it is applicable for people living in poverty who have a high chance of getting disabled. This happens due to their limited access to the basic necessities such as health, sanitation and education and they are mor e exposed to perilous working situation. Many individuals are indulged in the operational activities of joint disability management programs. The stakeholders of this sector include- injured or sick workers, joint committees, healthcare providers, return to work coordinators, insurance providers, union officials, senior management, worker representatives and supervisors. The sick workers are encouraged by Possability to actively participate in the process of return to work for assuring that it is safe, suitable and sustainable by reporting illness or injury very soon. The joint committee takes a look in the administration of disability management. Healthcare providers help an employee to return to work by reviewing the functional job descriptions. The coordinators of return to work are the person for contacting all the stakeholders and the insurance providers play a role by supplying for the benefits and arranging rehabilitation services. Union officials offer visible support while senior management commits to disability ma nagement objectives. Worker representatives are the advocates of rights for the employees including the disabled people and the supervisors are in charge of monitoring the overall safety and security (Crates and Spicer 2016). Strengths and Weaknesses- An eight- phase implementation strategy was adapted in the organization to develop an informal community disability services. This service continues in a voluntary way just in the same way it was implemented but the capacity has slightly been reduced. They are SACS accredited which means more beneficiary activities for the disable people. Possability has a team of experienced, dedicated and competent board of trustee, staff and faculty. Their strengths also include limited audit findings. They can also utilize their available technology. They have funding for grunt. There lies a balance between the disabled people and the caretaker ratio. Increased enrolment and expansion of the services will lead to development of the organization. The weakness lies in their budget constraint and additional wireless accessibility. There is lack of space for providing minimum work area, sufficient space for the fun activities, and a meeting room to discuss about the work and performance. The business plan is spread at various locations which should have been better if located together where the staff and members can train and work with each other. The disabled people had to be kept in small rooms where they cannot roam about freely and there is not enough space for the book store too. The local funding in the present is not providing finance for the landscaping requirements beyond cutting grass and collecting trash in the premises. The premise needs to be filled with new plantings, flower beds, trimmed trees and shrubs. This scenery will help the disabled individuals to lead a joyful and merriment life on their own. Strategic priorities Possability disability services have set out agenda for a specific time to implement significant change and bring new shape in the specialist disability services area. Disability services play a pivotal role in achieving the goal of a fully inclusive and participatory society in which the disabled people are valued and respected in the same way as the other members of the community. The strategic priorities of Possability will be helpful in achieving the commitments as a part of the National Disability Strategy. The goals set in the strategic plan are deliberately high level and inspirational. The implementation of the strategic plan will be set in the operational plan which will be provided accordingly. It is essential to develop a strategic plan for the disability services. It was developed after a round of public consultation and approval from all others (Banks 2016). The strategic priorities of Possability are guided by certain principles. All disabled people are treated equally with dignity and respect. The organization Possability protects the human rights of all people with disabilities. According to this plan, the abilities and contributions of the disabled people are recognized and respected. Equal access to support and services is delivered to the disabled people irrespective of their location, gender, race or color. The disabled people and their families have choice, flexibility and control over the support in their lives. This principle states the individual autonomy, capability, independence and aspirations of the disabled people to decide on their own and become a recognizable citizen. Recommended future strategy For the future strategy, the organization Possability must learn to acknowledge the important role of the families, caretakers, friends and others in the lives of the people with disabilities. They must provide with options for control and flexibility in the same way that they provide support. They have to keep it in mind that support is accessible, innovative, person- oriented and culturally responsive. The principle identifies the significance of the well- being of the disabled people. From the organization, the Possability support providers, caretakers and others who give support to give a premium quality, accessible, innovative and culturally responsive services that are measured to meet up the individual goals and services. The organization must also understand and meet the requirements of the disabled people and their families and caretakers. This includes understanding of the family, communities and cultural preferences and then putting them at the central point of planning an d delivery of services. Reference Banks, S.M., 2016." Becoming people to each other": how practice and meaning intersect in the delivery of aged care and disability support(Doctoral dissertation, University of Tasmania). Cortis, N., 2017. Working under NDIS: insights from a survey of employees in disability services. Crates, N. and Spicer, M., 2016. Reactive strategies within a positive behavioural support framework for reducing the episodic severity of aggression.International Journal of Positive Behavioural Support,6(1), pp.24-34. Eriksson, S., 2014. The Need for Self?Determination and Imagination: Personal Budgeting and the Management of Disability Services in Finland.Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities,11(2), pp.137-148. Fitzgerald, B., Hawkins, W., Denison, T. and Kop, T., 2015. Digital inclusion, disability, and public libraries: A summary Australian perspective. InAccessibility for Persons with Disabilities and the Inclusive Future of Libraries(pp. 213-236). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Jordan, K. and Tseris, E., 2017. Locating, understanding and celebrating disability: Revisiting Eriksons stages.Feminism Psychology, p.0959353517705400. Pirkis, J., Whiteford, H., Jorm, T., Harris, M., Reavley, N., Siskind, D., Bassilios, B., Diminic, M.S., Robinson, J., Carstensen, G. and Wong, I., 2014. Informing the development of Tasmanias long-term plan for mental health A review of policy documents and related literature. possability. (2017). [online] Available at: https://possability.com.au/ [Accessed 3 Oct. 2017]. Whitburn, B., Moss, J. and OMara, J., 2017. The policy problem: the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) and implications for access to education.Journal of Education Policy,32(4), pp.467-479. www.nds.org.au. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.nds.org.au/images/files/Annual_Report_2016.pdf [Accessed 3 Oct. 2017].

Coca Cola Essay/ International free essay sample

Each company own or license and market more than five hundred nonalcoholic beverage brands such as; waters, juices, ready to drink teas and coffees across the globe. This research paper will focus on how The Coca-Cola Company uses strategies in order to compete in the completive market, Coca-Cola International, Market Segmentation, the â€Å"Cola wars† and finally, discuss the â€Å"unit case volume† of the Coca-Cola Company. Purpose of Study The purpose of this research paper is to achieve a better understanding of International Business through the basic study of a worldwide company’s strategy in order to compete with the completive market Limitations of Study One of the largest limitations of this study is finding creditable resources to support this research paper and interpreting the relevant information to the instructor’s expectations. Definition of Terms For the purpose of this paper, â€Å"Coca-Cola Company† and â€Å"Coke† will be used interchangeably; all other terms utilized in this research paper are within acknowledged meaning. Any terms that need clarification from normal usage will be defined within the text. Review of Literature Coca-Cola Mission â€Å"Our Roadmap starts with our mission, which is enduring. It declares our purpose as a company and serves as the standard against which we weigh our actions and decisions†. * To refresh the world * To inspire moments of optimism and happiness To create value and make a difference. (Thecoca-colacompany. com) Background Coca-Cola Company is the world largest non-alcoholic beverage manufacturer and distributor in the world and is no stranger to the global market. They own more than three hundred brands in more than two hundred countries. (Thecoca-colacompany. com) Created by John Pemberton, a pharmacist in Atlanta Georgia 1886 sold Coke as fountain drink and told his customer it was a â€Å"potion for mental and physical disorders†. In 1895, Asa G. Candler, a natural salesman, converted Coca-Cola from an invention into a business. He knew there were thirsty people out there, and Candler found brilliant and innovative ways to introduce them to this exciting new refreshment. He gave away coupons for complimentary first tastes of Coca-Cola, and outfitted distributing pharmacists with clocks, urns, calendars and apothecary scales bearing the Coca-Cola brand. (Heritage. coca-cola. com) The original logo was developed from the handwriting of the company’s book-keeper, Frank Robinson, back in 1885. The wavy line seen at the base of the logo (also known as the â€Å"dynamic curve† or â€Å"dynamic ribbon†) was designed when the company introduced cans. The first idea was to create a can in the same shape as the bottle. When the company realized this just wasn’t possible they came up with the idea of the dynamic curve. The shape of the line was intended to represent the shape bottle (Heritage. coca-cola. com) Coca-Cola International According to Hill (2012) â€Å"Coca-Cola, the iconic American soda maker, has long been among the most international of enterprises†. During WWII, Coke supplied the United States troops with Coca-Cola wherever in the world they went. (Hill, 2012, p. 518). On The Coca-Cola Heritage Timeline; in 1923, Robert Woodruff became the Coca Cola Company president after he inherited the company from his father. Woodruff spent more than 60 years as Company leader introducing the beverage to the world beyond. (Heritage. coca-cola. com) Woodruff was known as â€Å"marketing genius† who saw opportunities for growth everywhere. He led the expansion of Coca-Cola overseas and in â€Å"1928 introduced Coca-Cola to the Olympic Games for the first time when Coca-Cola traveled with the United States team to the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics† and has been a proud sponsor to the Olympics for 80 years In 1902, the Coca-Cola Company decided to move outside of the United States and entered Cuba. By 1929, Coke was marketing in more than seventy-six countries. Today more than seventy percent of Coca-Cola’s case volume is in international markets (Hill, 2012, p. 518). The Companys existence worldwide was growing rapidly, and year after year, Coca-Cola found a home in more and more places such as: Cambodia, Montserrat, Paraguay, Macau, Turkey and more. The international charm of Coca-Cola was actually brought to life by a 1971 commercial, â€Å"where a group of young people from all over the world gathered on a hilltop in Italy to sing Id Like to Buy the World a Coke. (heritage. coca-cola. om) According to Rubadiri (2012), â€Å"three Coca-Cola Bottling Companies-Kisii Bottlers, Mount Kenya Bottlers and Rift Bottlers have expressed their interest to enter into a three way reorganization of ownership†. The merger, which is the first of its kind, will bring 1. 5 billion dollars for shareholders. The Cola Wars For over a century, Coca Cola and Pepsi competed for the top brand of the world’s beverage market; the most intense battles of cola wars were fought over the $60-billion industry in the United States, where the average American consumed 53 gallons of carbonated soft drinks (CSD) per year. The first challenge between the two companies started in 1950 when the CEO of Pepsi made his trademark â€Å"beat Coke† and encouraged bottlers on take-home sales through supermarkets . From 1975 to 1995 both Coke and Pepsi achieved average annual growth of around 10% as both U. S and worldwide consumption consistently rose. Coke and Pepsi began to experiment with new colas and non-cola flavors in the 1960’s. Coke introduced Fanta (1960), Sprite (1961), and low calorie Tab (1963). Pepsi countered with Teem (1960), Mountain Dew (1964) and Diet Pepsi (1964) (Chauhan, 2012 p 3). The cola wars were mentioned is a song from singer Billy Joel’s â€Å"We didn’t start the fire† in 1989. Strategies used for completive market Strategy can be defined as â€Å"actions that managers take to attain the goals of a firm, the main goal is maximize the value of a firm and increase profitability† (Hill, 2012 p 418). The Coca-Cola Company is using marketing strategies to compete with companies such as; Pepsi and Schweppes, in the competitive market. As stated in an article written by Jeff Bullas  (2012. ) â€Å"Coca Cola has been part of popular culture for over 100 years and has been called a â€Å"Vision Brandâ€Å". Its marketing and communication is purposeful and connects with its audience in a way that makes it stand out from its competitors†. Also mentioned in the article that Coke is using content excellence, the purpose of content excellence is to create â€Å"Ideas† so  contagious that they cannot be controlled this is what is called â€Å"liquid content†. On a  social web  people can easily share ideas, videos and photos on social networks such Facebook† (Bullas, 2012). In an article from Neil Davidson (2012), in 2012, â€Å"Coke launched a content market strategy called â€Å"Content 2020† which revealed an enormous shift in direction and emphasis. It was built on recognition of the fact that the world is changing rapidly and traditional marketing methods are outdated. Also stated in the article, Davidson expressed Coke’s plan to change. He stated; Coca Cola have identified three key drivers as to why they need to change their approach. The first of these is that they want to double to size of their business. The second is that they have noticed the current climate within which there is a ‘distribution of creativity’ and no one has a monopoly on creativity. The third driver is the distribution of technology and the fact that consumers are empowered through their access to a range of on demand device. (2012) According to Gaudet (2012), In order to meet their 2020 target, Coca-Cola is depending primarily on growth in emerging and developing markets. During their 2020 Vision presentation, the company presented a UN projection showing that the global middle class will grow from 1. 2 billion today to 2. 2 billi on by 2020, as well as historical evidence showing a strong correlation between a country’s per-capita expenses and per-capita Non Alcoholic Ready to Drink (NARTD) consumption. Based off of this growth, Coca-Cola expects total industry annual volume to grow at a 4% annualized rate and total industry value to grow at a 5% annualized rate, from $600 billion to $1,100 billion. The 1. 2% difference could come from two sources – an improvement in product mix and market share gains (Gaudet, 2010). Stated in an article by Melodie Warner (2012), Coca-Cola announced that the company â€Å"will reorganize its operating structure around three major businesses, starting Jan. 1, 2012, in an effort to better address the changing demands of its marketplace†. The reason behind this decision is due to â€Å"American reducing their consumption of soft drinks and pockets of economic uncertainty with Europe and China†. The company’s new structure will be composed of Coca-Cola International (Europe, Pacific and Eurasia, and Africa), Coca-Cola Americas (North America and Latin America) and Bottling Group (company owned bottling operations outside of North America). (wsj. com) Market Segmentation â€Å"Market Segmentation refers to distinct groups of consumers whose purchasing behavior differs from others in important ways† (Hill, 2012, pp. 83-584). According to Hill (2012), Tastes and preferences differ from country to country, â€Å"Coca-Cola in Japan markets Georgia, a cold coffee in a can and Aquarius, a tonic drink, which appeals to Japanese tastes† (p. 586). Georgia coffee is mainly sold in Japan. Coca-Cola over the years has appealed to many types of groups and cultures and is constantly looking for new ideas t hat will catch the interest in a widely diverse population. Diet cola for an example, Coke designed Coke Zero mainly to appeal to women. Coke Classic is loved by the whole world. Some of the big name celebrities who have continued the positive brand image that associate with Coca-Cola are  Bill Cosby,  Michelle Kwan, and  Jennifer Lopez. Michelle Kwan  and Jennifer Lopez  are great endorsements because they both have avoided scandal and have kept an association with their occupation; Kwan with being an Olympic ice skater, and Lopez being a singer and actress The website mentions how they think of Bill Cosby as a â€Å"friendly family man†. cocacoladvertising. com) Although over the years Coca-Cola has made a few mistakes in choosing celebrities to endorse their product A few examples that were mentioned were Kobe Bryant, Paula Abdul and Rodger Clemens, this is how Coke clarified this â€Å"there are some celebrities who might have hurt the Coca-Cola image due to controversies over their actions. Paula Abdul  was said to have coached and had a sexual relationship with  Corey Clark, a contestant on   American Idol, a show that she was a judge on†.

Euro Crisis 2009 free essay sample

Outline the adverse selection and moral hazard problems that existed in the Euro crisis of 2009. (approx. 2 double spaced pages; 10 marks) Due to imperfect information of borrower makes and the lender cannot be able to distinguish between good and bad borrowers, the issue of adverse selection has been arisen and become the major reason of Euro Crisis in 2009. Firstly, adverse selection causes a increase in the interest rate, those borrowers who is with a good credit record may withdraw their asset from the market and decrease the average quality of the borrower and makes the interest rate become even higher which lead to a large reduction of lending. Secondly, maturity mismatch such as financial institution finance long- term investment with short-term debt causes a huge amount of short-term liabilities and a large decline in asset prices. Thirdly, deterioration in the balance sheets causes the bank to liquidate the assets and makes the assets even less valuable. We will write a custom essay sample on Euro Crisis 2009 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, in Euro Crisis 2009, because of adverse selection, poorer countries become the major member of single currency zone such as Greece, Portugal, Spain and so on. The larger government debt of those poorer countries makes the sovereign debt crisis becomes more intense and the political balance of euro zone fiscal union is more toward to them. Therefore, richer countries in Euro-Zone have to transfer their financial resource to those poorer countries to cover the sovereign debt. With the continuous rising of sovereign debt in Euro zone, Euro Crisis becomes a global financial crisis. In Moral Hazard model, a principal- agent principal conflict occurs when the agent has more information about his or her actions than the principal does, and the principal cannot be able to monitor the agent’s actions effectively and gives the agent an opportunity to act in a manner that would adversely affect the principal’s interest. Applying this model into Euro Crisis, the principal is a euro-debt holder who lent their money to EU member states, and the agents are the government. Debt holder cannot determine whether the government has the ability to repay the promised amount of money within the maturity date, therefore, debt holder has to monitor government to make sure the government has put the best effort to ensure their repay. In conclusion, adverse selection causes higher interest rate, a large decline in assets, and an increase in sovereign debt. However, moral hazard problem slows the pace of financial recovery.

A Complete List of John Steinbecks Books

A Complete List of John Steinbeck's Books John Steinbecks books depict a realistic and tender image of his childhood and life spent in Steinbeck Country, the region around the city of Monterrey, California. The world-renowned novelist, playwright, essayist, and short-story writer was born in Salinas, California, in 1902. Growing up in a rural town, he spent his summers working on local ranches which exposed him to the harsh lives of migrant workers. These experiences would provide much of the inspiration for some of his most celebrated works such as Of Mice and Men. John Steinbeck's Books John Steinbeck (1902–1968) was an American novelist, playwright, essayist, and short-story writer.His best-known work includes Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath.  He wrote a series of short stories set in his hometown of Monterrey, California, about the harsh lives of migrant workers there.  He won the Pulitzer Prize for Grapes of Wrath in 1940, and the Nobel Prize in Literature for his body of work in 1962.   Best Known Books Steinbeck published 30 books, including several that were well-respected by both critics and the public. Among those are Tortilla Flat, about a charming group of layabouts who live near Monterey; The Grapes of Wrath about a farming family fleeing the Dust Bowl of Oklahoma for California during the Great Depression; and Of Mice and Men, a story of two itinerant ranch hands struggling to survive. Many of Steinbecks books centered around the difficulties experienced by Americans living in the Dust Bowl during the Great Depression. He also took inspiration for his writing from his time spent as a reporter. His work has stirred controversy and offered a unique view into what life was like for struggling low-income Americans. John Steinbecks Books 1927: Cup of Gold- A historical fiction based loosely on the life of the 17th-century pirate Henry Morgan.1932: The Pastures of Heaven- Twelve interconnected stories about the people in a valley in Monterrey, California, a place which would become central in many of his later works.1933: To a God Unknown- Four brothers who move to California to work a ranch and struggle when drought takes away all they have grown.1935: Tortilla Flat- A small band of Hispanic paisanos in Monterrey enjoy life in Monterrey (Steinbecks first big success).  1936: In Dubious Battle- A labor activist struggles to organize fruit workers in California. Movie still from the 1939 Hal Roach production of Steinbecks Of Mice and Men. Here, George (Burgess Meredith) talks with his oafish friend, Lennie (Lon Chaney, Jr.). Corbis / Getty Images 1937: Of Mice and Men- Two displaced migrants seek work in California during the Great Depression. The book was often a target of censorship for its vulgarity and offensive language.1937: The Red Pony Stories- Episodic novel appearing in magazines between 1933 and 1936, first published together in 1937, about a boy and his life on a California ranch.1938: The Long Valley- A collection of 12 short stories, written over several years and set in the Salinas Valley of California (includes the first Red Pony story).   L-R Dorris Bowden, Jane Darwell and Henry Fonda on the set of the film The Grapes of Wrath. Corbis / Getty Images 1939: The Grapes of Wrath- A poor migrant family from Oklahoma and their struggles to find a place in California. Steinbecks best-known novel and winner of the Pulitzer and other literary prizes.  Ã‚  1941: The Forgotten Village- A documentary film written by Steinbeck and narrated by Burgess Meredith, about a Mexican village grappling with modernization.  1942: The Moon Is Down- A story of a small coastal town in northern Europe which is overrun by an unnamed army (thought to be a fictionalization of the occupation of Norway by the Nazis in World War II).  1942: Bombs Away: The Story of a Bomber Team- A nonfiction account of Steinbecks experiences with several World War II American Army Air bomber crews.  1945- Cannery Row- A story of a disastrous party thrown by the inhabitants of a small town in California for their friend Doc.  1947: The Wayward Bus- Interactions of a cross-section of people at a crossroads bus stop in California.1947: The Pearl- An immense pearl brings ill-effects to an oyster fishermans family.   1948: A Russian Journal- A report from Steinbeck on his travels through the Soviet Union during Joseph Stalins rule.  1950: Burning Bright- A morality story meant to be produced as a play, during which an aging man goes to great lengths to have a child. A fishing boat moves on to a trailer pulled by a truck, in Golfo de Santa Clara, Baja California, in Mexico. Fishermen from this area fish in the Sea of Cortez which is the habitat of an endangered porpoise, La Vaquita. Corbis via Getty Images / Getty Images 1951: The Log from the Sea of Cortez- Steinbecks personal log of a six-week expedition in the Gulf of California he made with marine biologist Ed Ricketts. Written in 1941, published in 1951.1952: East of Eden- A novel about two Salinas valley families in the first two decades of the 20th century, based on the story of Steinbecks own ancestors.  1954: Sweet Thursday- A revisit of the people in Cannery Row, taking place after the main character Doc returns at the end of World War II.1957: The Short Reign of Pippin IV: A Fabrication- A political satire, exploring what might happen if an ordinary fellow was selected to be the King of France.  1958: Once There Was A War- A collection of articles written for the New York Herald Tribune while Steinbeck was a foreign correspondent during World War II.1961: The Winter of Our Discontent- The struggles of a Long Island man whose family has fallen from an aristocratic level to a middle-class existence. Steinbecks last novel.  1962: Travel s with Charley: In Search of America- A travelogue of Steinbecks road trip across the U.S. in a hand-built camper with his dog Charley.   1966: America and Americans- A collection of articles from Steinbecks career as a journalist.  1969: Journal of a Novel: The East of Eden Letters- A series of letters written by Steinbeck to his editor during the writing of East of Eden. Published posthumously (Steinbeck died in 1968).   Mexican-American actor Anthony Quinn, American actors Marlon Brando, Lou Gilbert and Harold Gordon on the set of Viva Zapata! directed by Greek-American Elia Kazan. Corbis / Getty Images 1975: Viva Zapata!- A screenplay written by Steinbeck was used to produce this biographical film about the Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata.  1976: The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights- An adaptation of the legend of King Arthur, started in 1956, and unfinished at his death.  1989: Working Days: The Journals of The Grapes of Wrath- Edited and annotated version of Steinbecks personal journal written while he was working on The Grapes of Wrath. Prizes for Literature   Steinbeck won the Pulitzer Prize in 1940 for The Grapes of Wrath, and a Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962, an award he did not think he deserved. The author was not alone in that thought; many literary critics were also unhappy with the decision. In 2013, the Nobel Prize committee revealed that the author had been a compromise choice, chosen from a bad lot where none of the authors stood out. Many believed that Steinbecks best work was already behind him by the time he was chosen for the award; others believed that the criticism of his win was politically motivated. The authors anti-capitalist slant to his stories made him unpopular with many. In spite of this, he is still considered one of Americas greatest writers and his books are regularly taught in American and British schools.

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Critical Analysis - Essay Example In this paper, the authors report on the effects of PDNF on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity, a rate-limiting enzyme during the synthesis of dopamine and other catecholamine neurotransmitters. TH is important because it is involved in increasing the production of neurotransmitters. The study came up with the following additional actions of PDNF: Strengths. The paper has many strengths. First, it presented data that was based on solid experimentation that covered a wide range of immunological, molecular, and imaging techniques. The data was clearly presented using graphs and images. The discussion was straightforward and concise. The strongest point of the study is the methodology followed to arrive at the results. The authors arrived at their results through a series of experiments that each showed the action of PDNF on TH. To show that PDNF increased the TH expression in PC12 cells and primary mesencephalic neurons, the authors grew the cells in media that was treated several times with PDNF. Results obtained with immunostains were confirmed using immunoblots. Western blots and SDS-PAGE were also utilized. The study also used a luciferase gene assay to check the effect of PDNF on the promoter of TH. The method used to confirm the mechanism of action of PDNF on TH was done in a simple manner, where a construct of a mutation for the cAMP response element (CRE) labelled with luciferase transfected to PC12 cells. This step was able to show the effect of CRE on the action of PDNF on TH promoter activity. The discussion portion was able to summarize in a clear manner the results of the experiments, and related these to previous work done in the field of TH activation. The paper points to the mechanisms that could explain the action of PDNF. As an example, it was pointed out that PDNF mediated the phosphorylation of serine residues in the catalytic sites of TH. The phosphorylation activity of PDNF was

Rudolf Steiners ideas for the care and education of young children Essay

Rudolf Steiners ideas for the care and education of young children - Essay Example If the olds are facing this hardship trying to deal with the new things in this world how much more the young ones who will be raced up in this kind of world There is a saying that "the young's are the hope of the land". As they took step on the developmental period specific behaviors represent qualitative changes in the structure or function of these organisms that appear over a given stage following progressive sequences. And so they undergo physical developments until they become adults like us. Childhood phase is the said to be the molding ground for individuals. It serves as the foundation of a human being. The Head of the German Theosophical Society, Rudolf Steiner believed that children passes through three seven-year stages and that education should be appropriate to the spirit for each stage. Birth to age 7, which he said is a period for the spirit to adjust to being in the material world. At this stage, children best learn through imitation. Academic content is held to a minimum during these years. Children are told fairy tales, but do no reading until about the second grade. They learn about the alphabet and writing in first grade. According to Steiner, the second stage of growth is characterized by imagination and fantasy. Children learn best from ages 7 to 14 by acceptance and emulation of authority. The children have a single teacher during this period and the school becomes a "family" with the teacher as the authoritative "parent". The third stage, from 14 to 21, is when the astral body is drawn into the physical body, causing puberty. These beliefs are acceptable but let us examine carefully the curriculum he is trying to imply. As he built his Goetheanum; the school of spiritual science of Waldorf school for the children of workers at the Waldorf-Astoria cigarette factory in Stuttgart, Germany, in 1919 and currently operating in North America. Steiner designed the curriculum of his schools around notions that he apparently got by special spiritual insight into the nature of Nature and the nature of children. The education here focuses on myths and other non-Christian thing. Aside from that they are encouraging Satanism which is not morally upright for a Christian Society. Children must learn how to be love and appreciate love and affections the gain from others. They should learn things about them and answer their questions related to where they came from. Why not teach some about the Creator. His views pertaining to caring to children are appropriate, he value the stages that an individual is in. He considered the stages where the child is in need. He said that children at the 0 to 7 years old are adjusting him in the material world. Yes that's true. Aside from living in a material world of course the child must have the material support too, coming from the parents who are the guardians. As from the Abraham Maslow's Hierarch of Needs that before an individual reach the point or level that he is a self - actualized person, a person must first take his step in having the Basic needs, including clothes, foods and any material supports before he

Client agreement letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Client agreement letter - Essay Example The solution will be clear and simple to understand. Our proposed Fast Works MVP will be a validated solution to on the basis of customer assessment and a comprehensive analysis of the prevailing market according to their savings and retail investments (Greenberg, 2009). On the client’s part, the clients have accepted to provide the information relating to the GE contacts of the frequent suppliers. It is indeed the responsibility of the responsibility of the clients to provide us with the information about their financial positions and their aspirations. We expect the clients to honest and frank about the level of risk that they can withstand in their investments. The clients have accepted to give us a written consent to reach the providers of their present financial plans and their suppliers. Additionally, the clients will sign the agreement on fees and product prices apart from providing the date of signage on the fee agreement. None of our solutions in the present collection costs more than US$200. Clients have accepted to give the details of user acceptance for the tests on services delivered and the prototypes of the solutions. They have accepted that they know where the solution can be accessed and how they can pay for them according to the prices and tariffs (Harrigan and Miles, 2014). The tests on the prototypes will be documented to be read together with the Client Agreement. Now about confidentiality and data protection, we will collect the data concerning the client’s circumstances in the process of our fact-finding. We will keep the clients’ sensitive information securely and confidentially, including the names, addresses and credit card details and will only be able to disclose them with their consents. The data integrity will be enforced within the relational database used to store the clients and suppliers information. The GE issues and problems will

Literature Review Definition Of Marketing Marketing Essay

Literature Review Definition Of Marketing Marketing Essay Marketing is managing profitable customer relationships, the twofold goal of marketing is to attract new customers by promising superior value and to keep and grow current customers by delivering satisfaction (Armstrong Kotler, 2007 p. 5). People often think marketing as selling and advertising, which is just a small part of marketing. The marketer does a good job when he understands superior customer value, prices, distributes and promotes them effectively; the products will sell very easily then. This tells that selling and advertising are just a part of marketing as a marketing mix; a set of marketing tools that work together to satisfy customer needs and build customer relationships. (Armstrong Kotler, 2007 p. 5). Figure: A simple model of the marketing process Source: Armstrong G and Kotler P, (2007, p. 6). Marketing: an introduction. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. Marketing mix According to Mohammed Rafiq and Pervaiz K. Ahmed (1995), the term marketing mix was first used by Borden and that it was suggested to him by Cullitons (1948) description of a business executive as mixer ingredients. Borden did not define the marketing mix; it simply consisted of important elements of ingredients that make up a marketing programme (Borden, 1965, p. 389). McCarthy (1964, p. 35) refined this further and defined the marketing mix as a combination of all of the factors at a marketing managers command to satisfy the target market. Later McCarthy and Perreault (1987) together defined the marketing mix as the controllable variables that an organisation can co-ordinate to satisfy its target market, which is widely accepted as the set of controllable marketing variables that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market (Kotler and Armstrong, 1989, p. 45). According to Jonathan Ivy (2008), marketing mix is a set of controllable marketing tools that an i nstitution uses to produce the response it wants from its various target markets. Ronald E. Goldsmith (1999) stated that 4Ps was first formulated by McCarthy (1975) as a pedagogical tool to describe the chief tasks of marketing managers. Marketing managers must develop a systematic plan to sell to the customers after selecting a target market to create long-term relationships (Doyle, 1995). The marketing mix plan consists of 4Ps which consists of decisions about product, place, promotion and price (Goldsmith, 1999). According to Bennet (1997), the concept of marketing outlines a course for the organisation using controllable variables in an environment where many factors are uncontrollable, defined as the external market. Kotler (1967) (cited by Bennet, 1997) broadened this classification into four namely, customer, environmental, competitive and marketing decision variables. Focussing on manufacturing industries, Borden (1964) identifies the four external forces on the organisation as consumer buying behaviour, trade behaviour, competitors position and behaviour and government regulations. Robins (1991) formulated four Cs which is an alternate mnemonic to the marketing mix formulated by McCarthy (1964). Four Cs are defined as Customers who buys goods and services in the market place, Competitors who provide the choice of alternative sources of supply, Capabilities and Company both of them refers to the organisation which has ability to satisfy customer needs. Gronroos (1984) proposes a concept of interactive marketing which was backed by Kotler (1991). This concept emphasizes the relationship between the employee and the customer and identifies it as the key factor in successful market making. Kotler (1991) argues that the employee-customer relationship is an important factor in the success of the market-making process. Booms and Bitner (1981) added three additional factors to the marketing mix elements proposed by McCarthy (1964) namely people, processes and physical evidence. This concept highlights that the model proposed by McCarthy (1964) might lead to too narrow focus on the internal variables, and does not include some of the process variables which is a part of marketing planning system (Bennet, 1997, p. 151). Lings (1999) argues for services industry 4Ps are in adequate and 7Ps marketing mix illustrates the importance of internal factors, as retail sector is not a service based industry traditional 4Ps marketing mix is used to represent the external factors (cite d by Khanh Kandampully, 2004). 4Ps makes the marketing easier handle for the managers in non service based industry; the components of traditional marketing mix can change a firms competitive position (Gronroos, 1994). Even with the deficiencies, the 4Ps remain a staple of the marketing mix (Kent and Brown, 2006). According to the American Marketing Association (1985), marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchange and satisfy individual and organisational objectives. Kent (1986) states that the four Ps of the marketing mix as the holy quadruple of the marketing faith written in tablets of stone. According to Armstrong and Kotler (2007) marketing mix tools are classified into four broad groups, called the four Ps of marketing: product, price, place and promotion. In order to deliver on its value proposition, the firm must first create a need-satisfying market offering (product). It must decide how much it will charge for the offer (price) and how it will make the offer available to the target customers (place). It must communicate with target customers about the offers and persuade them of its merits (promotion) (Armstrong and Kotler, 2007 p.53) Baker Hart (2008, p 463) the logic of 4Ps is straight forward; a supplier needs products, needs to price them, to promote them and distribute them to the place where the customer can buy them. According to Dogra Ghuman (2008) some of the variables associated with 4Ps are: Price: price level, credit terms, price changes and discounts. Product: features, packaging, quality and range. Promotion: advertising, publicity, sales promotion and personal selling. Place: inventory, distribution channels and number of intermediaries. Figure: The four Ps of the marketing mix Source: Armstrong G and Kotler P, (2007, p. 6). Marketing: an introduction. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. Product According to Armstrong and Kotler (2007), product can be defined as the goods and services is a combination the company offers to the target market. Belohlavek (2008) argues that a product or service is the element which satisfies the clients needs. The product or service generates two types of relationships with the prospect: a functional and a linking one. The usefulness of the product bears a relationship with its benefits measured both objectively and subjectively. The products use value is fundamental to the purchasing decision process in its closing stage (Belohlavek, 2008 p.15). For a competitive approach the company has to offer products that are unique and meet customer needs, wants and values. Maintaining the product uniqueness is difficult for a company since the product can be matched by competitors. The company must often compete on price, distribution, or promotion; in order to compete unless the product is of sound quality (Rea Kerzner, 1997 p. 57). Product variety Pine (1993), product variety is defined as the number of different products offered to the customers (cited by Felipe Scavarda, Reichhart, Hamacher, Holweg, 2010). According to Bils Klenow (2001) and Er MacCarthy (2006) product variety is a new development and a trend in many industry sectors worldwide (cited by Felipe Scavarda, Schaffer, Jose Scavarda, Reis Schleich, 2009). Product variety is an effective strategy to increase the market share as it enables the company to serve different kinds of customer segments and to satisfy the customer variety seeking behaviour (Tang, 2006). This involves different product features, packaging, or channels of distribution (Felipe Scavarda, Schaffer, Jose Scavarda, Reis Schleich, 2009). Product variety strategy as a marketing strategy will result in sales growth, profits and meeting more specialised demands (Berry Cooper, 1999). Kim Chhajed (2000) argues that different kinds of product manufacturing results in a decrease in logistics perfor mance or manufacturing performance. Lee Billington (1994) also argues that product variety can result in higher forecast errors and lead to excessive inventory for some products and shortages for other products. If the product variety is to the optimal or to the appropriate level of variety, then product variety will result as economical efficient and will create positive marketing efforts (Lancaster, 1990). According to Pine (1993) and da Silveira (1998), product variety enables the ability to customise products to customer needs and has been identified in achieving competitive advantage over other retailers (cited by Felipe Scavarda, Reichhart, Hamacher, Holweg, 2010). As product variety gives a broader product line and can lead to increased profitability (Kekre and Srinivasan, 1990). Product variety gives rise to the need to consider different products of the individual product variants, as different end items that are fundamentally different do not feature the same variety level for the individual (MacDuffie et al., 1996 Koste and Malhotra, 1999). Price Belohlavek (2008) states that price is a conditioning element for buying a product; price only conditions a product but does not determine it, in accordance to the buyers income makes a monetary value of a given service or goods, which makes them reachable to the goods. Price is a factor which acts as a barrier which when reached in operational terms, thats when the last stage of purchasing action is reached. Price is an element which determines a priority relationship with the value and opportunity creating access to the customer. Kasper et al. (2000, p. 627), pricing is an important management tool to achieve the objectives of the organization. Similarly, Pellinen (2003, p.218) has suggested that pricing is one of the most central management tasks for a service company. It is also the only element of the marketing mix that generates revenues for a firm, while all the others (e.g. new product introductions, promotions) are associated with costs (Zeithaml et al., 2006) (cited by Indounas Avlonitis, 2009). Rea Kerzner (1997) argues that the easiest way to reach and compete with the competitor is to match the price with the competitor. Price is one of the most important criteria that customers use when choosing between competing brands (Huber et al., 2001; Ta and Har, 2000) (cited by Indounas Avlonitis, 2009). Price is the sum of money customers has to pay to acquire the product; often customers buy the product negotiating the price for more accessibility, companies offer discounts to customers adjusting price to sustain the competitive situation (Armstrong Kotler, 2007 p. 52). Price Discount According to Palazon Delgado (2009), Customers are price sensitive and they often look for price related information. Manning et al., (2003), they are vigilant about any information about price and other pricing information (Kukar-Kinney et al., 2007) they spend a lot of time thinking about prices of products, always evaluating savings offered and the convenience by the price discount. Customers with lower levels of price consciousness and value, they are most likely to be influenced by the magnitude of the discount (Alford Biswas, 2002) than the pecuniary value of the discount really offered. (Babin et al., 2007) customers are engaged in searching for more devoted to the task of shopping to the extent that a better price exists in another store. Hardesty Bearden (2003) and Grewal et al., (1996) claims that when the promotional benefit is low, customers are not going to process information extensively about the promotion (price discount) as it has low pecuniary value. Similarly wh en the promotional benefit is high, customers are not sure about the product or the deal they are unlikely to process information extensively as there is less uncertainty about the product. Customers are predicted to analyse the deal moderately whether the benefit are high (Palazon Delgado, 2009). Hardesty Bearden (2003) and Grewal et al., (1996) states that if the promotional benefit is low or high the levels of information processing is low, but for moderate benefit levels information process is high. Chandrashekaran (2004) and Raghubir (2004) argue that high promotional benefits are always evaluated positively. According to Madan Suri (2001) there are different types of price promotions and short term price discounts have been used by the retailers to create short term demand for their products (Monroe, 1990 p 369). Retailers can sell the products very fast without much expensive when they are offering immediate savings to the customers. Short term price discounts are easier to execute and provide immediate price savings to the customers (Madan Suri, 2001). Discounts actually increase the value to the customers and this happens at the intermediate levels of discounts and when the discounts are either very high or very low it decreases the value (Madan Suri, 2001). Promotion The most common promotion is a sale (Levy Weitz, 2007 p 433). Promotion is one of the key Ps in the marketing mix (Dibb et al., 1994). The promotion strategy is used in increasing sales by creating differences in resources which results in a firm being able to outspend a competitor in advertisement, purchase displays, trade shows and other promotional methods (Rea Kerzner, 1997 p. 58). * According to Jennifer Rowley (1998), the objectives of any promotional strategy will be drawn from an appropriate mixture of the following roles of promotion; to: increase sales; maintain or improve market share; create or improve brand recognition; create a favourable climate for future sales; inform and educate the market; create a competitive advantage, relative to competitors products or market position; improve promotional efficiency * According to Jennifer Rowley (1998), an appropriate promotional mix must be created in order to meet the promotional objectives of any given promotion strategy. The promotional mix is the combination of different promotional channels that is used to communicate a promotional message. This will involve an appropriate selection from the range of tools that are available for use as part of the promotional mix. The tools in the promotional mix include: Advertising. Any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by any identified sponsor. The pages of professional newsletters and magazines are common avenues for advertising information products. Direct marketing. The use of mail, telephone or other non-personal contact tools to communicate with or solicit a response from specific customers and prospects. Mail shots and leaflets inserted in professional magazines are used to promote information products. Sales promotion. Short-term incentives to encourage trial or purchase of a product or service, such as discounts for access to a database over a limited time period. Public relations and publicity. Programmes designed to promote and/or protect a companys image, or those of its products, including product literature, exhibitions and articles about organisations products in professional or in-house newsletters. Personal selling. Face-to-face interactions with one or more prospective purchasers, for the purpose of making sales. This is common within the business-to-business marketing transactions in the information industry, where sales representatives, often also with a support function, are common. Sponsorship. Financial or external support of an event or person by an unrelated organisation or donor, such as is common in respect of the arts, sports and charities. Large organisations, such as major publishing groups like Reed Elsevier, or software houses, such as Microsoft, may engage in sponsorship, but public sector organisations, in education and libraries, are more likely to be the recipient of sponsorship. Place According to Kai Li Hung Hung (2007), place is a marketing mix which describes whether the location is accessible and transport is convenient, place comes out as a heterogeneous phenomenon which is created by the company at each place combining resources; accessibility increases value to the customer. Kotler, et al., (2005) claims that place involves all activities of the company to make all products available to the customers. According to Mason Staude (2009), Place is the least changing marketing tactic. Distribution and availability are used in stabilising dimensions, communicating and creating a control as a link between supplier and customer, and reducing the probability to change suppliers, which actually stabilises the market. Backward and forward integration also reduce the uncertainty of retailer stocking the products, lowering the risks and stabilising the environment (Nilson, 1995). According to Boyle Proctor (2009), in the context of product sales, placement is actually distribution (Biech, 2003). In social marketing, distribution can be defined as dissemination channels (NWPHO, 2006). Clearly for dispersing channels to be effective they must be accessible to the target market (Boyle Proctor, 2009). Store location and layout The location and atmosphere of a store communicates information about the service and pricing to the customer. The physical characteristics play an important role in a customers mind (Levy Weitz, 2007 p 434). Store layout influences customer buying behaviour, stores can attract customers with their design and layout motivating them to make impulsive sales or give them a pleasant shopping experience (Levy Weitz, 2007 p 491). According to Davies Rogers (1984), guy (1980), Jones Simmons (1987) and Birkin et al., (2002) site selection and sales forecasting of retail stores are a important factor in retail management and retail geography (cited by Wood Browne, 2007). Store location is used in sales forecasting for retail stores and for determining the optimal location and sales of the store (Clarkson et al., 1996; Smith Sanchez, 2003). Superstores are one of the main formats through which food is sold increasing the money flow (IGD, 2005). The size of the stores is important and it is very expansive to open up a big store therefore accuracy in location planning is essential (Wrigley, 1996). Retail stores are dependent on the daily purchases made and regular weekly purchases this involves repeated car journeys from the customers homes, which requires space for parking near the store for easy access (Wood Browne, 2007). The location of a store affects the customer with sociological and geographical factor s (Wrigley, 1998; Meyer Johnson, 1996; Rust Donthu, 1995) (cited by Beyon, Griffiths, Marshall, Expert Systems (2002). Pricing strategy According to (Blythe, 2008 p 151), pricing a product is one of the most important issues for marketers; it is significant not only to the profit that is to be made but also to the quantity of products which are to be sold. Pricing also touches on all the elements of the marketing mix, pricing is the indication to the consumer of what a company expects in exchange; for the products being offered. Profitability of the company depends on the pricing strategy (Doyle Stern, 2006 p 225). Price may become a proxy measure for product quality when buyers have difficulty in evaluating complex products (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 316). Consumers are often confused in choosing a product; price helps them choose a product. A strategic viewpoint on pricing decisions may create new market space and opportunities for the company (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 317). Figure: Steps in selecting a pricing strategy Source: (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 321). A pricing strategy must be consistent with the retailers overall image (positioning), sales, profit, and return on investment goals (Berman Evans, 2007 p 498). Various roles of Pricing (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320) Pricing has few important roles in the marketing program of a company. Some of the roles are: Signal to the buyer Price is the easiest way to directly communicate with the customer. When comparing with other brands price is a visible difference to the customer. Price is also used in positioning the brand to show its quality or instead give direct competition with other brands (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320). Instrument of competition As the competitions between companies are high, Price is an element which can quickly attack competitiors. Price can also be used by a company to stay away from the competition if used strategically; pricing strategy is always related to competition with other brands or companies (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320). Improving financial performance Using a pricing strategy wisely, companies can generate revenues by forecasting about a product or brand to increase the financial statement in the short term or in the long term in order to survive the global competition (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320). pricing strategy has the biggest impact on the profit and loss statement of the company in the short run, Pricing is even more crucial in the long run; the primary purpose of business strategy is to offer consumers enhanced value so that price can be raised considerably above costs (Doyle Stern, 2006 p 225). Marketing program consideration Companies pay a price for marketing, in order to maintain or penetrate in to the market. Price strategy is also used for promoting products (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320). Consumer behaviour Blackwell, et al., (2006) defined consumer behaviour as the activities people undertake when obtaining, consuming and disposing of products and services. The activities are divided into three, they are: obtaining, consuming and disposing (Blackwell, et al., 2006 p. 4). Obtaining According to Blackwell, et al., (2006 p. 4) it is the process of purchasing or getting a product. This process includes comparing with other similar products, alternative brands and searching for more information of the product before obtaining it. Analysts often study these purchases in order to improve the understanding of the market; consumer buying behaviour is studied whether they are buying for themselves or as gifts, payment methods, and product transportation or delivery, how they get information about other alternative brands and how the brands influence the consumers product choices. Consuming According to Blackwell, et al., (2006 p. 4), it is the process or activity of using a product by the customer to his/her needs. Based on the consumption of the products researchers can study the consumer decisions whether the product is bought to be consumed in the office or at home, or for entertainment purpose or for its functional purpose, do they consume the product or do they dispose it without using it even once. Based on the consumption these buying behaviours are studied in order to understand the needs of the customers. Disposing According to Blackwell, et al., (2006 p.4), it is the process of getting rid of the product after its use or its packaging. And how do they dispose the product remains or the packaging, whether the packaging is biodegradable. Analysts think in the ecological point of view for this process. Consumer buying behaviour According to McCall, et al., (2009), purchasing decisions happen on daily basis and the most important factor influencing these decisions is the price of the product. For buying any product, price is often the most silent feature (Nagle and Holden, 2002). This can be used as an advantage to increase the overall sales by offering discounts (promotions) to the price sensitive customers (Soman, 1998). According to Saha, et al., (2010), Consumer behaviour is the study of how individuals spend their available resources on consumption-related items. It includes the study of what they buy, why they buy it, when they buy it, where they buy it, how often they buy it, and how often they use it (Schiffman and Kanuk, 1996). The main objective of marketing in the consumer buying behaviour context is to satisfy the needs and wants of the target customer. As a subject consumer behaviour also deals with the factors that affect the buying behaviour of a consumer. The study of consumer behaviour gives a clear idea that how consumer select, buy, use and dispose the product, service, experiences to please the needs and requirements (Kotler, 2003). Stimulus response model is the starting point of understanding consumer buying behaviour. The buyers characteristic and decision process leads to the purchase decision; a consumers buying behaviour is influenced by 4ps, cultural, social and personal factors (Kotler, 2003). The role of marketing mix is also important in making the buying decision by any consumer. The marketing mix consists of everything the firm can do to influence the demand for the product. The many possibilities can be collected into four groups of variables known as the Four Ps that is product, price, place and promotion (Saha, et al., 2010). According to Mowat and Collins (2000), for successful development in business, the company needs to understand and meet the consumer needs and expectations (Douglas, 1993; Knox and Theisen, 1981). Store layout plays (place) an important effect in consumer behaviour besides price and consumer expectation (Kotler, 1973; Eroglu and Machleit, 1990; Bitner, 1992; Baker et al., 1993; Baker et al., 1994; Grewal and Baker, 1994; Simonson, 1999; Baker, et al., 2002) (cited by Vrechopoulos Atherinos, 2009). According to Solomon, et al., (2006), consumer purchase is a response to a problem and a customer goes through a series of steps in order to make a purchase. These steps can be described as (1) problem recognition (2) information search (3) evaluation of alternatives and (4) product choice. After the decision is made, the quality of that decision affects the finals steps in the process, when the learning occurs based on how well the choice worked out. The learning process influences the likelihood that the same choice will be made next time the need for a similar decision occurs (Solomon et al, 2007 p.258). Brin (2004, p 85) argues that it is important to understand the characteristics of the consumers and their buying decision process in order to target them with the most appropriate and effective marketing methods, the management needs to understand and study this decision process on what particular product or service the consumers choose from; the brand they select, from which outlet they buy, what kind of product and the amount spent. It is useful to understand what influences the consumer (Brin, 2004 p 85). Some of the influences in buying roles in the consumer buying process are (Brin, 2004 p 85): The initiator: the very first person who thinks about buying a product The influencer: the person who influences other consumers in taking the final step of the buying decision The decider: the person who takes the final decision The buyer: the person who actually buys a product The user: the customer. There are different types of consumer buying behaviour, and the type of consumer buying behaviour changes according to the type of buying decisions. The main influence is the brands available to the consumer and the personal attachment towards the decision which influences the consumer to become a loyalty customer (Phillips, et al., 1994; p 85). Involvement can be a major factor in decision making; consumers often tend to develop a form of emotional attachments to products and most people would be familiar with the feeling of having fallen in love with a product, even when the product is totally unreasonable though the purchase may not have an important practical outcome for the consumer; the consumers future behaviour does not always materialise (Blythe, 2005 p 53, 54). Low involvement, low price, low risk High involvement, High price, high risk Few differences between brands Brand loyal Repeat purchasing Influenced by price And sales promotional offers Buying process is relatively quick because of the limited differences Significant differences between brands Brand switching but limited information gathering Information gathering and processing is important. Purchase decision is important Figure: Four types of buying behaviour Source: Phillips, et al., (1994; p 85) (Adapted from Assael, 1985 Kotler, 1988). According to Kapoor Kulshrestha (2009), Products convey different meanings to different people and this differing forms an attachment towards the products. According to Zaichkowsky (1985), attachment means the interest, the enthusiasm, the emotional level expressed by the consumer regarding a product (cited by Steichen Terrien, 2009). The meaning of the product depends on the nature of the consumers rather than the nature of the products (Martin, 1998; Rochberg-Halton, 1981). The consumer plays a role in his or her choices (Steichen Terrien, 2009); the decisions are principally based on personal perception followed by the cues sent by the environment with personal interpretation (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975; Fazio, 1985). These choices have different attributes, and some of them are very salient; the choice of salient attributes also depends on the personal characteristics of the consumer (Steichen Terrien, 2009). Based on Uncles and Ellis (1989) the interplay of costs and benefits affects the retailers in making huge gross margins, many retailers are establishing their own labels as a part of retailing today. This allows the retailer selling products under their own name to differentiate their products and stock, from other retailers. Also, allowing them to have a full control over product price, quality and stocks (cited by Rothe Lamont, 1973; McGoldrick, 1984; Simmons Meredith, 1984). This will actually generate higher gross margins. For competitive edge over other stores and brands, retailers hope to build a relationship with the customer by lowering price and offering consumers better value for money without narrowing the product range (Simmons Meredith, 1984). Customer relationship strategy Relationships can obtain competitive advantage (Kanter, 1994; Kay, 1995; Huxham, 1996; Stone and Mason, 1997) (cited by Donaldson O Toole, 2002). Customer relationship strategy is based on mutual trust with the customers creating long term relationships; many researches conclude that customer relationship strategy has increased the profit margin for many firms (based on Lawrence, 2002). Long-time customers are less costly to serve and smooth running of relationships are inexpensive and less resource intensive (Lawrence, 2002). Long term relationships benefit both the buyers and suppliers (Szmigin, 1998). For the strategy to be effective, the component elements should be inter-related. When there is a strong synergy between the component elements the strategy will be eff

Symbolism in Piggys Specs :: essays research papers

The Symbolism of Piggy's glasses Symbolism pervades throughout the entire narrative of Lord of the Flies and is used to illustrate the fears and tensions that exist within the boys trapped on the island. One of the novel's strength is that it weaves these vivid symbols together to assist its themes and ideas rather than labour them. Piggy's glasses become an important symbol representing the social order of the boys as they try to determine how to lead themselves. Although not a leader Piggy is the voice of reason as he mends the early splits between the boys by way of compromising. Of all the boys on the island it is Piggy who can seen as the most symbolic. His organisation helps the boys make the early decisions and he can be seen as the natural law of order, the reason thinking of humanity. Although despite being described as short and fat in the terms you might describe an animal as Piggy is the most willing to strive for survival in a civialised way. It is Piggy who says the most important words describing how the boys should act "What are we? Humans? Or animals? Or savages. What are grownups going to think?" It is this desire for docorum that underlines Piggy's belief that they will all be saved from the island - the only person to believe this will happen. Therefore Piggy himself becomes symbolic of the boys' hope to be saved from the island. The hope literally comes from his glasses. Piggy's spectacles are taken from him and used to start smoke signals. Without glasses Piggy's sight, like the boys' vision of what is in their best interests, becomes blurred. Piggy, now weakened, is no longer able to aid Ralph in his struggle to lead the group. Without the voice of adulthood that is Piggy, Ralph loses his moral guidance and begins to make bad judgments. The greater Piggy's will to escape and claim salvation so Ralph is drawn into the confusion and misguided pleasures of The Beast". As each pig is killed so a small part of what Piggy represents is corroded away. When Piggy's glasses are broken all apparent hope of escaping with them is destroyed as well. By making the glasses useless the boys are rejecting what the spectacles stand for. Now no longer able to function at all the 'short and fat' Piggy becomes an animal like the rest of the boys, where only the fittest survive.

The film ‘Salvador’

The film ‘Salvador’ revolves around the genocide and the grim happenings of the early 1980s in El Salvador, involving the military dictatorship. This Oliver Stone’s, first prominent film has James Woods and James Belushi in the cast, who play an veteran photojournalist Richard Boyle, and a DJ Dr. Rock respectively. The movie portrays the horror unleashed by the right-wing squads through their gorilla warfare. The film has all the ingredients of an adventure film in right proportions. Boyle’s attachment for liquor and drugs leaves him unemployed despite being capable of good work. When things keep going bad for Boyle, he decides to go to El Salvador with his best friend Dr. Rock, for a freelance lucrative work amidst the prevailing turmoil, not realizing what was in store for them. Rock too doesn’t have any DJ assignments. While entering El Salvador, Boyle and Rock happen to witness the execution of a student at the hands of the military, which make them reconsider their decision. They now realize that El Salvador is a more serious and dangerous war, than they were expecting. Boyle learns that the actual situation at hand is much worse than that portrayed in the US press, after he sees a severed ear collection of a right wing military officer. Boyle also recognizes several prominent US military and CIA personnel, with whom he had served in Vietnam, who are now not willing to account for their presence. In El Salvador, Boyle meets Maria with whom he falls in love. He also meets a Newsday reporter John Cassady, and a Catholic nun Cathy Moore. His initial cynicism gives way to heightened passions and anger through his association with Maria and observation of Cathy’s humanitarian efforts. After realizing the devastating situation around him, Boyle becomes determined to change the situation, in the course of which he puts his life to risks. The assassination of Archbishop Romero has been filmed with passion and truth. Clad in white robe, the archbishop is clearly contrasted from the dark brick wall behind him. Giving his sermon, the archbishop accuses Washington of favoring the military dictatorship, and prays to God to end the violence and sufferings. The archbishop is assassinated by someone from the government, which soon has people fleeing for their lives, and the military personnel attacking unarmed people. Boyle ensures that he is available wherever there is any action, be it the military headquarters, the guerrilla camps or even the US embassy (Goodman, 1986). When the Archbishop Romero is assassinated, Boyle is there close to the assassin. The film brings to life, the happenings in El Salvador, through appropriate settings, locations and laudable performances. For instance when Boyle and Cassidy photograph the dead bodies at a dumpsite, El Playon; the dreadful situation is evident from Boyle’s dirty face, a handkerchief around his neck and the terrain they work. In Santa Ana, Cassady takes his last memorable picture. He films a plane flying overhead while the military and guerrillas are fighting. The plane is flying into the town subsequent to the restoration of military aid by the US. Cassady meets his end while taking the shot exposing American assistance to the government. Cassady had always believed that one has to go closer to get the truth, however if it’s too close, you die. Boyle promises the dying Cassady that he will take his all important photos out of El Salvador. The death of Cassady reminds viewers of the real photographer John Hoagland of Newsweek who died in action while in El Salvador (McClennen, 2007). The settings used in the film are very realistic, integrating the prevailing poverty and terrain with the existing turmoil. Although the movie is claimed to be a true story, not all events shown can be corroborated or verified from records. Neither can they be easily dismissed as having been added to heighten the sentiments of the viewers. However the film makers have taken pains to acknowledge variations whenever adopted, like the scene in which Boyle and Maria are caught at the border. The production of the movie was itself plagued by several adversities. The film is a heart touching one, the effects of which would be with the viewer for a long time, after viewing it. REFERENCES McClennen S., (2007) Salvador Section 3: Media analysis. [Electronic Version] Downloaded on 16th September 2008 from http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/s/a/sam50/cinergia/mf/salvador.htm Goodman W (1986) Screen: ‘Salvador’ by Stone. The New York Times. March 5, 1986 [Electronic Version] Downloaded on 16th September 2008 from http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A0DEFDB1F3AF936A35750C0A960948260